It was the last Soviet republic where the communist economic system worked and it was also the most militarized. The official version of events as publicised by the Belarusian government was questioned in the unprecedented wording of the UN Security Council statement condemning "the apparent terrorist attack" intimating the possibility that the Belarusian government itself was behind the bombing. [174] Belarus is included in the European Union's Eastern Partnership program, part of the EU's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims to bring the EU and its neighbours closer in economic and geopolitical terms. [248] Roman Catholicism is practiced mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism. The games will feature 57 medal events in ten sports. The first one was the 2004 RussiaBelarus energy dispute when Russian energy giant Gazprom ceased the import of gas into Belarus because of price disagreements. [123][124] The country lies within two ecoregions: Sarmatic mixed forests and Central European mixed forests. The currency was introduced in May 1992 to replace the Soviet ruble and it has undergone redenomination twice since then. -0.31 -0.32%. These territorial units may also be classified as a city of regional or raion subordination, urban-type settlement or rural settlement, but whose government is administered by the council of another primary or basic unit. [246], According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, Eastern Orthodoxy made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, though a small Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church also exists. [122], Natural resources include peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomite (limestone), marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay. With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991. [205] Each raion has its own legislative authority, or raion council, (Belarusian: ; Russian: ) elected by its residents, and an executive authority or raion administration appointed by oblast executive powers. Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands. [246] The average life expectancy is 72.15 (66.53 years for men and 78.1 years for women). The Belarusian team . Belarus appeared to be the Prussia of the Soviet Union. [75] A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. Belarus Appeals To IMF For $8bln Rescue Loan. [219], The currency of Belarus is the Belarusian ruble. In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisaw Moniuszko composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. It is time to fight back against communism. [81] The Jewish population of Belarus was devastated during the Holocaust and never recovered. Opposition parties are permitted, but they have had little electoral success. The Belarusian church entered into a full communion with the Latin Church through the Union of Brest in 1595, while keeping its Byzantine liturgy in the Church Slavonic language. He was named by Svetlana Alexievich, the Belarusian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015, as "her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own". [219] The country relies on Russia for various imports, including petroleum. [38][39] The etymology of the word Gudija is not clear. [103] Around the same time the 2011 Minsk Metro bombing occurred in which 15 people were killed and 204 were injured. China and Belarus called for a cease-fire and negotiations to end the war between Russia and Ukraine as leaders of the two countries meet in Beijing to improve their relations. Also, the Belarusian Byzantine Catholic Church was formed by the Poles in order to bring Orthodox Christians into the See of Rome. [71][citation needed][72] After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the Belarusian minority was no exception. In January 1919 a part of Belarus under Bolshevik Russian control was declared the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB) for just two months, but then merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) to form the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia (SSR LiB), which lost control of its territories by August. The welcoming ceremony also included the anthems of the two countries and the honor guard march. [112][113][114][115] The European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States have all imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during the ongoing protests in the country. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Grodno (314,800) and Brest (298,300). [45] There are no sources of military seizure, but the annals affirm the alliance and united foreign policy of Polotsk and Lithuania for decades. [129] The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of caesium binders and rapeseed cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of caesium-137. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. The United States supports a sovereign, independent Belarus which respects the rights and voices of the Belarusian people. The Statutes were initially issued in the Ruthenian language alone and later also in Polish. Russia agrees to sell Belarus gas at 60% below the price charged to other European countries, . The Communist Party of China is the founding and sole governing political party of the People's Republic of China. The Romanian Patronal System of Public Corruption (pp. Belarus, country of eastern Europe. The experts also received reports of violence against women and children, including sexual abuse and rape with rubber batons. He garnered 45% of the vote in the first round and 80%[89] in the second, defeating Vyacheslav Kebich who received 14% of the vote. [162] Belarus has trade agreements with several European Union member states (despite other member states' travel ban on Lukashenko and top officials),[163] including neighboring Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. The Soviet Union by 1948 had installed communist-leaning governments in Eastern European countries that the USSR had liberated from Nazi control during the war. Numerous Belarusian players are present in the Kontinental Hockey League in Eurasia, particularly for Belarusian club HC Dinamo Minsk, and several have also played in the National Hockey League in North America. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was Ales Adamovich. It was time yesterday. Belarus is a presidential republic. The choice of name was probably based on the fact that core members of the newly formed government were educated in tsarist universities, with corresponding emphasis on the ideology of West-Russianism. [266] The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world. Xi, C hina's most powerful figure in decades, has no formal role in the National People's Congress, which will convene a meeting of its . The national football team has never qualified for a major tournament; however, BATE Borisov has played in the Champions League. Open. The national hockey team finished fourth at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics following a memorable upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals and regularly competes in the World Championships, often making the quarterfinals. [143], Belarus has often been described as "Europe's last dictatorship" by some media outlets, politicians and authors due to its authoritarian government. [166][167] Diplomatic relations remained tense, and in 2004, the United States passed the Belarus Democracy Act, which authorized funding for anti-government Belarusian NGOs, and prohibited loans to the Belarusian government, except for humanitarian purposes. The depreciation was even steeper on the black market and financial collapse seemed imminent as citizens rushed to exchange their rubles for dollars, euros, durable goods, and canned goods. At first, a policy of "Belarusianization" was followed in the newly formed Byelorussian SSR. In a statement issued on Sunday, the Kremlin said that Russia stood ready "to provide the necessary assistance to resolve the problems that have arisen" and referred to a collective security treaty. [209] In either case, the councils have the power to approve or reject a nonimee for executive committee chair. The red-green flag, which has an embroidered pattern along one side, was introduced in 1951, when Belarus won a seat at the UN despite still being part of the Soviet Union. [180], Belarus has not expressed a desire to join NATO but has participated in the Individual Partnership Program since 1997,[181] and Belarus provided refueling and airspace support for the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. It also blasted Belarus for being subservient to China. [82] This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. As an OSCE member state, Belarus's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. [262], After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. On January 31, 1992, the U.S. Embassy . Belarus is also known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts. The directives, part of a 3,500 . 1919 - The Russian Red Army conquers Belarus, and establishes communist rule. The unemployment rate, according to government statistics, was 1.5% in 2005. [134], The term for each presidency is five years. ", "Snapshot of the Belarus Country Profile", "UN human rights experts: Belarus must stop torturing protesters and prevent enforced disappearances", "Lukashenko blames Americans and drunks for Belarus protests", "EU imposes sanctions on Belarusian economy", "Belarus dictator threatens to 'flood EU with drugs and migrants', "Belarus dictator weaponizes illegal migrants against EU", "In Lithuania, Migrants Find Themselves Caught in a Geopolitical Battle", "Baltarusijos pareignai su skydais blokuoja migrant grinim: kadrai i pasienio", "Poland accuses Belarus of sending migrants over border as "living weapons" in "hybrid war", "Poland Says Belarus Is Letting Migrants Cross Border In 'Hybrid War' With EU", "Lukaenkos kerto akcija pasiek ir Latvij: i savait rykus nelegali migrant skaiiaus uolis", "US, EU, UK and Canada Announce New Belarus Sanctions", "SectionI: Principles of the Constitutional System. [136] The National Assembly is a bicameral parliament comprising the 110-member House of Representatives (the lower house) and the 64-member Council of the Republic (the upper house). [57], Under Nicholas I and Alexander III the national cultures were repressed. The bloc is a political and economic union, consisting of 27 member states. After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued his predecessor's cultural hegemony program, stating, "The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism. Washington, Mar 4 (PTI): Communist China is the strongest and the most disciplined enemy that the United States has ever faced, Republican presidential aspirant Nikki Haley said on Friday as she slammed the ruling Democratic Party as a 'socialist' part. Andrei Arlovski, who was born in Babruysk, Byelorussian SSR, is a current UFC fighter and the former UFC heavyweight champion of the world. As of 2015[update], 69.9% of Belarus's population is aged 14 to 64; 15.5% is under 14, and 14.6% is 65 or older. Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as Uadzimir yka, Kazimir Svayak, Yakub Kolas, mitrok Biadula, and Maksim Haretski, wrote for Nasha Niva, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk. "I thought he saved us from the 'wild capitalism' of the 1990s, and I voted for him twice," said Vladislav,. The Belarusian leader pointed out that NATO was quickly building up forces on the border with Belarus in Poland and in the Baltic countries Read more Moscow-Kiev talks to begin at 12:00 Moscow . . .., 1939.80 . i . Beltelecom is the only operator licensed to provide commercial VoIP services in Belarus. [184], Belarus's Democracy Index rating is the lowest in Europe, the country is labelled as "not free" by Freedom House,[185] as "repressed" in the Index of Economic Freedom, and in the Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, Belarus is ranked 153th out of 180 countries for 2022. [207] It is run by an executive committee and has been granted a charter of self-rule.[208]. [120], Belarus lies between latitudes 51 and 57 N, and longitudes 23 and 33 E. Its extension from north to south is 560km (350mi), from west to east is 650km (400mi). Ella Reeve Bloor was one of the founders of the Communist Labor Party of America, a predecessor of the Communist Party of the USA, and a tireless labour organiser during the Great Depression. The Communist Party of Belarus won 3 seats, and the Agrarian Party and Republican Party of Labour and Justice, one each. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. He spent the World War I years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College. [205], Belarus's two official languages are Russian and Belarusian;[254] Russian is the most common language spoken at home, used by 70% of the population, while Belarusian, the official first language, is spoken at home by 23%. Angela Davis, 79, was . MOFA mentioned that Belarus and any other country's acceptance of China's "absurd remarks" that belittle Taiwan's . [62][63] Immediately afterwards, the PolishSoviet War ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. President Aleksander Lukashenko, who has been in power since 1994, has flatly denied the seriousness of the pandemic, refusing to impose a lockdown, close schools, or cancel mass events like the Belarusian football league or the Victory Day parade. Then Came the Crackdown", "Modest Advances in US-Belarus Relations", "Belarus Democracy Act Will Help Cause of Freedom, Bush Says", "China's Xi promises Belarus $1 billion in loans", "China, Belarus agree to upgrade economic ties", "Syria and Belarus agree to promote trade", "Belarus-Syria report substantial progress in trade and economic relations", "Membership of the Republic of Belarus in International Organizations", "Growth in United Nations membership, 1945present", "Military Development and the Armed Forces of Belarus", "NATO Council adopted individual partnership program with Belarus", "Nato and Belarus: partnership, past tensions and future possibilities", "Lukashenka promises "serfdom" in villages", "Paszczyzna u ukaszenki. We even give money to Communist Cuba a country our own government has designated as a state sponsor of terrorism," Haley said. [172] In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union (previously the Eurasian Economic Community), the Collective Security Treaty Organisation,[164] the international Non-Aligned Movement since 1998,[173] and the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). [198] Lithuanian authorities and top European officials Ursula von der Leyen, Josep Borrell condemned the usage of migrants as a weapon and suggested that Belarus could be subject to further sanctions. The main trading partners are Russia, which accounts for about 45% of Belarusian exports and 55% of imports, and the EU countries, which account for 25% of exports and 20% of imports. These articles were aimed to defend the rights of the Lithuanian nobility within the duchy against Polish and other nobles of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. [144][145][146][147] The Council of Europe removed Belarus from its observer status since 1997 as a response for election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections. . ", "No Job? Washington and Beijing are competing . After the war, it was estimated that 2.2 million local inhabitants had died and of those some 810,000 were combatantssome foreign. [228], Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside of state-controlled sectors,[229] Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status on 21 June 2007, which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels. Although Belarus is now an independent nation, it is also an isolated dictatorship that has in some ways remained unchanged since the 1990s, and is largely seen both culturally and. [139] The armed forces were formed in 1992 using parts of the former Soviet Armed Forces on the new republic's territory. , ", "Number and territorial distribution of the population", "Belarus GDP Distribution Across Economic Sectors", "The Russian-Belarusian Union and the Near Abroad", "Russia may cut oil supplies to ally Belarus Putin", "What Are The Biggest Industries In Belarus? [170] Belarus also has strong ties with Syria,[171] considered a key partner in the Middle East. At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was one of the world's most industrially developed states by percentage of GDP as well as the richest CIS member-state. Much of the northern section of this area was added to the Byelorussian SSR, and now constitutes West Belarus. It shares Europe's oldest forest - Bialowieza - with Poland. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. It's just that, IMO, the data from the whole post-communist region show that the countries that adopted shock therapy fully actually ended Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. [130][131], Belarus borders five countries: Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and the east, and Ukraine to the south. The Head of State is the President of the Republic of Belarus. [168] The judges of national courts are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Council of the Republic. In the 1990s some raised the estimate even higher, to 2.7 million. [122] About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. Anyone who remembers Ukraine in 1989. Is Belarus in the EU? Upon the death of Kievan Rus' ruler Yaroslav I the Wise in 1054, the state split into independent principalities. [citation needed] The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed Curzon Line. In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its fertility rate was 1.22,[246] well below the replacement rate. USD. [187][188] Similar regulations were introduced for the forestry industry in 2012. Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest. [142], Lukashenko has been frequently described as the "last dictator" in Europe in media. MINSK, March 1. . Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus", "Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "The United Nations and Chernobyl The Republic of Belarus", "Ecological reservation in Belarus fosters new approaches to soil remediation", "Country Report: Belarus Borders: Borders and policy in Belarus", "SectionIV:The President, Parliament, Government, the Courts", "Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Belarus", "Interview with Belarus President Lukashenko", "Analysis | Can people power topple Europe's 'last dictator'? info)). "[82], Soviet Belarusian communist politician Andrei Gromyko, who served as Soviet foreign minister (19571985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (19851988), was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he was replaced by Eduard Shevardnadze. The Americans and British feared. [248], Belarus's Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around Grodno, consisting in a mixture of Belarusians and the country's Polish and Lithuanian minorities. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. [245], Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. It existed from only 1918 to 1919 but created prerequisites for the formation of a Belarusian state. The former Soviet republic was occupied by the Nazis between 1941 and 1944, when it lost 2.2 million. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. Despite significant efforts, the state ceased to exist, primarily because the territory was continually dominated by the German Imperial Army and the Imperial Russian Army in World War I, and then the Bolshevik Red Army. The transformation of the ex-Soviet forces into the Armed Forces of Belarus, which was completed in 1997, reduced the number of its soldiers by 30,000 and restructured its leadership and military formations. Yet another hypothesis is based on the idea that Gudija in Lithuanian means "the other" and may have been used historically by Lithuanians to refer to any people who did not speak Lithuanian. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The former Soviet republic was occupied by the Nazis between 1941 and 1944, when it lost 2.2 million. In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. This is only a partial archive of certain expired general licenses likely to be of interest -- it is not an exhaustive list of every general license that may relate to OFAC sanctions programs. [241], According to the 2019 census the population was 9.41 million[242] with ethnic Belarusians constituting 84.9% of Belarus's total population. [191] Corrupt practices such as bribery often took place during tender processes, and whistleblower protection and national ombudsman are lacking in Belarus's anti-corruption system. [199] In August 2021, Belarusian officials, wearing uniforms, riot shields and helmets, were recorded on camera near the BelarusLithuania border pushing and urging the migrants to cross the European Union border. [222] In 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products. Current Communist Countries: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. People with old Belarusian national flags shout during an opposition rally in August in Minsk, Belarus. Two suspects, who were arrested within two days, confessed to being the perpetrators and were executed by shooting in 2012. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. [203] On 2 December 2021, the United States, European Union, United Kingdom and Canada imposed new sanctions on Belarus. [235] On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested an economic rescue package from the International Monetary Fund. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market. [90], Mass protests erupted in April 1991 and became known as the 1991 Belarusian strikes. [277], This article is about the Republic of Belarus. [183] However, Belarus cannot join NATO because it is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation. "Red was the colour . Belarus, by constitution, is a presidential republic with separation of powers, governed by a president and the National Assembly. [159] Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. By one hypothesis the word derives from the Old Prussian name Gudwa, which, in turn, is related to the form udwa, which is a distorted version of Sudwa, Sudovia. [128] Belarus has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700mm (21.7 to 27.6in). The present borders of Belarus were established during the turmoil of the World War Two. This policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges. The contested lands were divided between Poland and the Soviet Union after the war ended in 1921, and the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. [178] Demographic decreases in the Belarusians of conscription age have increased the importance of contract soldiers, who numbered 12,000 in 2001. Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Roman Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions. [123] The city of Minsk is split into nine districts and enjoys special status as the nation's capital at the same administration level as the oblasts. [135] Alexander Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. 1919 - The Russian Red Army conquers Belarus, and establishes communist rule. Belarus offers a distinct case of post-communist development, remaining Eastern Europe's most authoritarian state to this day. [230] Belarus applied to become a member of the World Trade Organization in 1993. The incumbent regime, steered for the past twenty years by de facto dictator Alexander Lukashenko, is arguably more centralized than the one in Moscow. [55] The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of CatherineII[56] were included into the Belarusian Governorate (Russian: -) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the German Empire during World War I. [67] After a variety of delays, a disputed election took place on 8 January 1922, and the territory was annexed to Poland. [139], The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. After the World War, most literature focussed on war-related topics. [151], In the 2006 presidential election, Lukashenko was opposed by Alaksandar Milinkievi, who represented a coalition of opposition parties, and by Alaksandar Kazulin of the Social Democrats. [54] However, the Ruthenian peasants continued to speak their native language. "People in these countries are virtually isolated from the rest of the world by authoritarian rulers who muzzle the media and keep a chokehold on information through restrictive laws, fear, and intimidation," said CPJ Executive Director Ann Cooper. Belarus has so far won five medals (two silvers and three bronzes) at the 2nd edition of the Children of Asia Games. [249][250] Minorities also practice Greek Catholicism, Judaism, Islam and neo-paganism. The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [62][69] In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy, led to famine and political repression. [47] Of the principalities held by the duchy, nine of them were settled by a population that would eventually become the Belarusians. [84] In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was contaminated with most (70%) of the nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant located 16km beyond the border in the neighboring Ukrainian SSR. The ballet Nightingale by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk. [222], Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, under Lukashenko's leadership, Belarus has maintained government control over key industries and eschewed the large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics. We were very nervous . [80], The German occupation in 19411944 and war on the Eastern Front devastated Belarus. Ever since the emergence of statehood in the territory of Belarus and up to the end of the 18th century, the country belonged to the Western, rather than Eastern, tradition of Christianity.. [233] As part of the Union of Russia and Belarus, both states have discussed using a single currency along the same lines as the Euro. Geopolitically, Belarus. [223] [122] The average elevation of Belarus is 160m (525ft) above sea level. Pay Up. To the left of this baby, on a bank of red and pink roses, luscious and so alive, a banner is unfurled; it reads 'COMMUNIST PARTY'. [239][240], The banking system of Belarus consists of two levels: Central Bank (National Bank of the Republic of Belarus) and 25 commercial banks. [194] In an interview from September 2020 Lukashenko claimed that detainees faked their bruises, saying, "Some of the girls there had their butts painted in blue". A famed Black Panther who's also a communist has faced calls to pay reparations after discovering her ancestors were white puritans who arrived in the US on the Mayflower. Lukashenko was officially re-elected in 2001, in 2006, in 2010, in 2015 and again in 2020, although none of those elections were considered free or fair nor democratic.[91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100].
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