1g) at 1604.13nm (not shown) with a loaded optical Q of 3.03104. a Laser-scanned transmission spectrum in the telecom band. Janner, D., Tulli, D., Garca-Granda, M., Belmonte, M. & Pruneri, V. Micro-structured integrated electro-optic LiNbO3 modulators. Quant. C.W. Weigel, P. O. et al. High-speed Femto-Joule per bit silicon-conductive oxide nanocavity modulator. The equipment in the highlighted dashed box is used for characterizing the performance of electro-optic modulation. Xinlun Cai, of Sun Yat -sen University, led a team that designed and fabricated a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) dual polarization in-phase and quadrature (DP-IQ) modulator, which sets new world . The broad modulation bandwidth of these devices would thus enable high-speed electro-optic switching. and M.L. The pure linear electro-optic tuning shown in Fig. PSI offers ultra-high-speed lithium niobate phase modulators. Nat. By placing the metal electrodes on top and bottom of the waveguide rather than the usual lateral configuration, the electric field is fully overlapping the optical field. Google Scholar. ADS On the other hand, the full-swing extinction ratio of the EOMs is primarily determined by the external coupling of light to the modulator cavity. The demonstration of energy efficient and high-speed EOM at the wavelength scale paves an important step for device miniaturization and high-density photonic integration on the monolithic LN platform, which is expected to find broad applications in communication, computing, microwave signal processing, and quantum photonic information processing. Recently, thin-film lithium niobate (LN) emerges as a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits. 9, 525528 (2015). Technol. @article{Hu2023DynamicallyTS, title={Dynamically tunable single-/dual-band of the graphene absorber with a resonant asymmetric grating based on lithium niobate on insulator}, author={Jinhua Hu and Lili Sun and Lei Li and Xiuhong Liu and Danping Ren and Jijun Zhao}, journal={Optics Communications}, year={2023} } Song, M., Zhang, L., Beausoleil, R. G. & Willner, A. E. Nonlinear distortion in a silicon microring-based electro-optic modulator for analog optical links. Shao, L. et al. Nature 562, 101104 (2018). Marpaung, D., Yao, J. Our thin-film modulator (a) has an oxide layer underneath the device layer, so that velocity matching can be achieved while maximum electro-optic efficiency is maintained. The devices exhibit a significant tuning efficiency up to 1.98 GHz V -1, a broad modulation bandwidth of 17.5 GHz, while with a tiny electro-optic modal volume of only 0.58 m 3. The resist residue was removed by a further O+ plasma etching. Thin-lm lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform. Nat. Express 21, 3035030357 (2013). Figure5b shows a clear linear dependence of the induced resonance wavelength shift on the applied voltage, from which we obtained a tuning slope of 16.0pmV1 (corresponding to a frequency tuning slope of 1.98GHzV1), close to our design. Google Scholar. Photon. High modulation efficiency lithium niobate Michelson interferometer modulator. Waveguide-integrated, ultralow-energy GeSi electro-absorption modulators. Top. All-plasmonic MachZehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale. [29] Owing to the disparity between the dielectric constants of lithium niobate and silica, the electrical field primarily affected the LN core through the slab. and Q.L. 1d and8a). Wooten, E. L. et al. Wang, C., Zhang, M., Chen, X. et al. High-speed plasmonic modulator in a single metal layer. 7, 10031013 (2019). Photon. Express 17, 2250522513 (2009). Javid, U. The modulators enable efficient electro-optic driving of high-Q photonic cavity modes in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes, and allow us to achieve electro-optic switching at 11 Gb s1 with a bit-switching energy as low as 22 fJ. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Modulators, Fiber-Coupled (1260 nm - 1625 nm) Up to 40 GHz Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3) Modulators Fiber-Coupled, High-Speed Modulation Intensity, Phase, or I/Q X-Cut or Z-Cut Devices LNP6118 40 GHz Phase Modulator with Polarizer, Z-Cut LN81S-FC 10 GHz Intensity Modulator, X-Cut LNLVL-IM-Z Essentially, only the 10-m long point-defect cavity requires electric driving to achieve electro-optic modulation. Top. Express 24, 1559015595 (2016). Cite this article. This work demonstrates the first (to the best of our knowledge) thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Rev. Guarino, A., Poberaj, G., Rezzonico, D., GeglInnocenti, R. & Gnter, P. Electro-optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate. High-Q lithium niobate microdisk resonators on a chip for efficient electro-optic modulation. Light is coupled into and out of the EOM chip via one lensed fiber. 41, 57005703 (2016). 3, 9194 (2009). The high efficiency of electro-optic tuning together with the high optical quality of the EOM resonator enables efficient electrical driving of the optical mode into different dynamic regimes. Reed, G. T., Mashanovich, G., Gardes, F. Y. The energy efficiency of the LN photonic-crystal EOM can be further improved since our current devices are not optimized. & Smith, B. J. Bandwidth manipulation of quantum light by an electro-optic time lens. Although the breaking of the mirror symmetry along the normal direction of the device plane considerably alters the band gap of the photonic crystal (Fig. In this lesson the chirp induced by the LiNbO3 is analyzed based on the voltage of operation. The blue column shows another design with broader bandwidth and enhanced electro-optic coupling. Gigahertz speed operation of epsilon-near-zero silicon photonic modulators. With these devices, we are able to demonstrate efficient electrical driving of high-Q cavity mode in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes and to observe transition in between. b Same as a but with a modulation frequency of 2.0GHz. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Therefore, the electrodes can be shrunk to 103m2, which would reduce the capacitance considerably to ~0.27fF (~1.0fF if including the integrated wires36), according to our FEM simulations. IEEE 94, 952985 (2006). A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems. To obtain Optica 6, 860863 (2019). Chen, L., Wood, M. G. & Reano, R. M. 12.5 pm/V hybrid silicon and lithium niobate optical microring resonator with integrated electrodes. Single-chip microprocessor that communicates directly using light. Silicon optical modulators. 314, 317 (2014). 6c, where a driving power of 16mW (corresponding peak-to-peak driving voltage, Vpp, of Vpp=2.5V) splits the cavity resonance into five with notable magnitudes (black curve), resulting in a cavity transmission with five side lobes (blue curve). 12, 1700256 (2018). Ozaki, J., Ogiso, Y. Upconversion of light from its fundamental wavelength (FW) to its second harmonic (SH) is enhanced 32 in micron-scale lithium niobate (LiNbO3) spheres through near-field interactions with gold . Rep. 7, 46313 (2017). Photon. Lithium Niobate Nonlinear Thermal Waveguide MODE Automation API Nonlinear Optics Photonic Integrated Circuits - Active Computing Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a Lithium Niobite - LiNbO3 (LNO) nanophotonic waveguide is studied using temperature modulation to achieve efficient phase matching. g Simulated optical mode field profile of the second-order TE-like cavity mode \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{1}\). 8b. It, however, degrades considerably the optical Q of the cavity (Fig. Microwave-to-optical conversion using lithium niobate thin-film acoustic resonators. Commun. c Detailed spectrum (blue) with RF driving signal at 2.0GHz with a power of 16mW. To characterize the performance of high-speed modulation, the majority of the modulated light output was amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier to boost the power, passed through a bandpass filter to remove the amplifier noise, and was then detected by a high-speed detector (New Focus 1024). Wang, C., Zhang, M., Stern, B., Lipson, M. & Loncr, M. Nanophotonic lithium niobate electro-optic modulators. Google Scholar. PubMed Express 27, 1873118739 (2019). Jian, J. et al. By combining thin-film lithium niobate devices with high-power lasers using an industry-friendly process, this research represents a key step towards large-scale, low-cost, and high-performance transmitter arrays and optical networks. Nozaki, K. et al. This value is the smallest switching energy ever reported for LN EOMs1,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26, clearly showing the high energy efficiency of our devices. The modulators have an SMA RF input, which is directly compatible with . 1 Half-wave voltages of devices with different active lengths. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Reference [18] has recently emerged as a promising approach to realize integrated EO modulators with stronger optical connement and high EO efciencies while occupying a smaller footprint [4], [19]-[22]. Lett. Numerical simulations show that the device exhibits a small capacitance C of C=~22fF, which is more than one order of magnitude smaller than other LN EOMs1,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26. Google Scholar. Opt. Alloatti, L. et al. This series of Lithium Niobate fiberoptic Modulators is designed for laboratory test use. Electro-optic modulator (EOM) takes a vital role in connecting the electric and optical fields. After the residue removal, we used diluted hydrofluoric acid to undercut the buried oxide layer to form a suspended photonic-crystal membrane structure (Fig. Topics: Correspondence to B. Attojoule optoelectronics for low-energy information processing and communications. Hybrid silicon photonic-lithium niobate electro-optic MachZehnder modulator beyond 100 GHz. Sci. 8b, increasing the thickness, tw, of the wing layer will improve the electro-optic tuning since it enhances the amplitude of the driving electric field inside the LN photonic-crystal cavity. Liang, H., Luo, R., He, Y., Jiang, H. & Lin, Q. For the application of high-speed electro-optic switching, our simulations show that the electrode-waveguide spacing can be decreased to 1.5m for an optical Q of ~5000 (corresponding to a modulation bandwidth of ~45GHz), which will improve the modulation efficiency to 2.38GHzV1 (simulation details in Methods). and JavaScript. Recently, heterogeneously integrated silicon and lithium niobate (Si/LN) optical modulators have demonstrated attractive overall performance in terms of optical loss, drive voltage, and modulation bandwidth. Proc. With these devices, we are able to realize efficient driving of the optical mode in both adiabatic sideband-unresolved and non-adiabatic sideband-resolved regimes, and to observe the transition in between. B. Attojoule optoelectronics for low-energy information processing and communications. Google Scholar. High-performance and linear thin-film lithium niobate MachZehnder modulators on silicon up to 50GHz. 6b). The inset shows the S11 reflection scattering parameter for both devices. This value primarily reaches the photon-lifetime limit of the EOM cavity (~11ps), as the electrode circuit has much broader spectral response as indicated by the flat S11 reflection spectrum shown in the inset of Fig. Power efficiency is crucial for the application of electro-optic modulator (EOM), which depends sensitively on the physical size of the device27. 13, 1800228 (2019). Notomi, M., Nozaki, K., Shinya, A., Matsuo, S. & Kuramochi, E. Toward fJ/bit optical communication in a chip. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles 1e). The measured electrical BER is 3.6105, limited by the signal distortion from the electronic circuit. Electro-optic modulation in slotted resonant photonic crystal heterostructures. In this research, we used all the nano-fabrication tricks and techniques learned from previous developments in integrated lithium niobate photonics to overcome those challenges and achieve the goal of integrating a high-powered laser on a thin-film lithium niobate platform., Harvards Office of Technology Development. Google Scholar. 24, 234236 (2012). Witmer, J. D. et al. Lithium niobate photonic-crystal electro-optic modulator, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7. IEEE J. Sel. 3). If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. In this research, we used all the nano-fabrication tricks and techniques learned from previous developments in integrated lithium niobate photonics to overcome those challenges and achieve the goal of integrating a high-powered laser on a thin-film lithium niobate platform.. Although attempts have been made to explore the electro-optic effect in LN photonic crystals40,41,42, the low device quality and poor optoelectronic integration unfortunately limit seriously the operation speed. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Lu, H. et al. OBrien, J. L. Optical quantum computing. 27), which is about 22fJ per bit in our EOM. To show the electro-optic tuning property, we applied a DC voltage to the chip and monitored the cavity transmission spectrum of the \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{0}\) mode. High-speed Pockels modulation and second-order nonlinearities are key components in optical systems, but CMOS-compatible platforms like silicon and silicon nitride lack these capabilities. The researchers combined the laser with a 50 gigahertz electro-optic modulator in lithium niobate to build a high-power transmitter. 8c) due to the decrease of optical mode confinement. MathSciNet IEEE J. Sel. Such a configuration reduces the critical requirement of electrode alignment as needed in . EDFA, erbium-doped fibre amplifier; FPC, fibre-polarization controller; MZM, MachZehnder modulator (commercial); OSA, optical spectrum analyser; VOA, variable optical attenuator. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Our scalable modulator devices could provide cost-effective, low-power and ultra-high-speed solutions for next-generation optical communication networks and microwave photonic systems. 94, 241107 (2009). Wang, J. et al. Nat. a, Set-up for measuring the modulator electro-optic responses from 35GHz to 100GHz. When the modulation frequency is below 1.0GHz, The transmission spectrum remains fairly similar regardless of modulation frequency, as expected from the adiabatic driving discussed above. Shambat, G. et al. ac, Normalized optical transmission of the 20-mm (a), 10-mm (b) and 5-mm (c) device as a function of the applied voltage, showing half-wave voltages of 1.4V, 2.3V and 4.4V, respectively. Light Sci. are involved in developing lithium niobate technologies at HyperLight Corporation. 16, 185191 (2010). Enhanced electro-optic lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film. For example, LNOI phase modulators with relatively low DOI: 10.1364/OL.426083 Abstract L V cm, and the 3 dB electro-optical bandwidth is about 55 GHz. The sum of all gray curves is showed in red, which is fitted by the theory. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Low-loss plasmon-assisted electro-optic modulator. To show this feature, we selected another similar device on the same chip, which has a lower loaded optical Q of 14,000. Lett. Topics Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. As shown in Fig. 1e) to enable a partial reflection/transmission, with the hole number optimized for a critical coupling to the cavity. This Perspective discusses and compares several different approaches to the design of high-bandwidth, low-voltage electro-optic devices, such as Mach-Zehnder modulators, made using thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) and strategies for their incorporation as part of a larger photonic integrated circuit (PIC). This work is supported in part by National Science Foundation (NSF) (EFMA-1641099, ECCS-1810169, and ECCS-1842691); the Defense Threat Reduction Agency-Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (grant No. All of these applications require chip-scale electro-optic modulators that operate at voltages compatible with complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology, have ultra-high electro-optic bandwidths and feature very low optical losses. Opt. Express 26, 15471555 (2018). and S.C. carried out the device characterization. b, High-speed data modulation set-up. Nevertheless, there still exists a balance between the driving voltage and modulation bandwidth. http://eospace.com/pdf/EOSPACEbriefProductInfo2017.pdf, 40GHz or 40Gb/s Lithium Niobate Modulators. Express 20, 29742981 (2012). ADS We believe this is the first LN EOM ever reported with such combined device characteristics and modulation performance. The cavity resonance exhibits a coupling depth of 93%, corresponding to a full-swing extinction ratio of 11.5dB. 28, 736739 (2016). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. By 2026, the global lithium niobate modulator market is estimated to surpass US$36.711 billion by 2026, increasing from US$6.568 billion from 2018. Harvards Office of Technology Developmenthas protected the intellectual property arising from the Loncar Labs innovations in lithium niobate systems. Integrating high-performance plug-and-play lasers would significantly reduce the cost, complexity, and power consumption of future communication systems, said Amirhassan Shams-Ansari, a graduate student at SEAS and first author of the study. Opt. 29, 20882096 (1993). CAS To date, it remains an open challenge in realizing a high-speed and energy-efficient modulator at the wavelength scale on the monolithic LN platform. Extended Data Fig. Marko Lonar. ADS Slider with three articles shown per slide. volume562,pages 101104 (2018)Cite this article. P.W. Full Text electro optic modulator 10.1109/LPT.2021.3056913. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) modulator can be regarded as a technology platform that can add values to optical networks and is suitable for addressing many issues. Photon. Nat. Sun, C. et al. a Recorded transmission spectra of the \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{0}\) cavity mode with RF driving signal at seven different powers from 0 to 12mW, with a power step of 2mW, modulated at 0.6GHz. Lithium niobate etching is not required for making the hybrid optical waveguides. Nat. This value can be improved in the future by further optimizing the partially reflective photonic-crystal mirror (Fig. 5 implies that the linearity of electro-optic modulation in the devices would reach the intrinsic limit determined by the fundamental Lorentzian shape of the cavity resonance47. Among various device geometries, photonic-crystal nanoresonators are particularly beneficial in this regard, given their exceptional capability of controlling light confinement and lightmatter interactions on the sub-wavelength scale. Photonics 13, 8090 (2019). Nat. Extended Data Fig. Input requirements, test setups, and mounting instructions will be covered. Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Modulators. Opt. The devices exhibit a significant tuning efficiency up to 1.98 GHz V1, a broad modulation bandwidth of 17.5 GHz, while with a tiny electro-optic modal volume of only 0.58 m3. A notable decrease of optical Q is not observed until the gap is reduced to below 2.3m. For EOM, we adopt one-dimensional photonic-crystal nanobeam as the basic underlying structure (Fig. High-quality lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavities. Here, we make an important step towards miniaturizing functional components on this. Optical modulators, using acousto-optic, magneto-optic or electro-optic effects, as the principal components for external modulation of lightwaves, have presently played the important role in modern long-haul ultra-high speed optical communications and photonic signal processing systems. Boes, A., Corcoran, B., Chang, L., Bowers, J. Nature (Nature) Azadeh, S. S. et al. wrote the manuscript with contribution from all authors. Karpiski, M., Jachura, M., Wright, L. J. Tzuang, L. D., Fang, K., Nussenzveig, P., Fan, S. & Lipson, M. Non-reciprocal phase shift induced by an effective magnetic flux for light. 6a). a Schematic of half of the cross-section of the EOM structure. Loncar and his team used small but powerful distributed feedback lasers for their integrated chip. Quantum Electron. Quant. 3, e173 (2014). Here we report high-speed and energy-efficient LN photonic-crystal EOMs, which exhibits a tiny electro-optic modal volume of only ~0.58m3, the smallest among all high-speed LN EOMs ever reported1,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26, to the best of our knowledge. Nature 546, 622626 (2017). Ultra-low power fiber-coupled gallium arsenide photonic crystal cavity electro-optic modulator. Open Access As such, the photonic-crystal mirror on the right side of the defect cavity is designed to be of 100% reflection, while that on the left side has decreased number of holes (Fig. Lett. All-electronic 100-GHz bandwidth digital-to-analog converter generating PAM signals up to 190Gbaud. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Consequently, the transmission spectrum transforms into a multi-resonance spectrum (Fig. Low power 50Gb/s silicon traveling wave MachZehnder modulator near 1300nm. C.W., M.Z., X.C. The electrodes are designed to be placed close to the photonic-crystal resonator (Fig. We used two cascaded travelling wave phase modulators for spatiotemporal modulation and a racetrack resonator as a wavelength filter to suppress the sidebands of the reverse propagating .
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